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Disinfection byproducts · in your tap water

Haloacetic acids — HAA5 group (5 acids)

Cancer-linked chlorination byproducts (regulated)

FamilyDisinfection byproducts
Where it comes fromSame as TTHMs — chlorine + organic matter in source water
Best fixWhole-home granular activated carbon (GAC)

What it is

Haloacetic acids form when chlorine reacts with organic matter in the water — same mechanism as TTHMs. HAA5 refers to the five federally-regulated acids (mono-, di-, tri-chloroacetic; mono-, di-bromoacetic). EPA limit is 60 ppb; EWG guideline is 0.1 ppb (600× stricter).

Tastes the same. Looks the same. The lab's the only way to know it's there.

What you might notice & the health concern

Where it comes from

What actually removes it

Not sure which system you need? Our reverse-osmosis and whole-home pages compare the options, or book a free Home Water Checkup and we'll test your actual tap.

The research

Every source below was checked to make sure the link works and backs the claim it's next to. These are the primary regulators and peer-reviewed studies — not our opinion.

1
Stage 1 and Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rules U.S. EPA

The federal rules that set the TTHM (80 ppb) and HAA5 (60 ppb) drinking-water limits.

2
Haloacetic Acids (HAA5) and Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM) in Drinking Water Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

States the federal HAA5 MCL of 0.060 mg/L (60 ppb) and the five regulated acids.

3
Fourth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4) U.S. EPA

Names the five HAA5 acids and the nine HAA9 acids monitored nationally.

4
Analysis of Cumulative Cancer Risk Associated with Disinfection Byproducts in U.S. Drinking Water Evans et al., Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health (2020)

Peer-reviewed basis for EWG's health guidelines; finds brominated byproducts the most carcinogenic.

5
Association between disinfection byproduct exposure and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis J. Hazard. Mater. (2025)

Time-updated meta-analysis: long-term DBP exposure associated with bladder cancer (OR ~1.59).

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This page is general water-quality education, not medical advice. Health classifications and limits are attributed to the EPA, EWG, IARC, ATSDR/CDC, WHO and the cited studies. Contaminant levels vary by water system and home — the only way to know what's in your water is to test it. Prepared by SwiftPro Heating, Cooling & Plumbing.